ACADEMIC REFERENCING
There are several referencing systems in use – this handout
describes the use of the Harvard system, which is probably the most
commonly used by universities. Most academic and referenced journals
will supply a style sheet giving details of their own preferred
system on request.
It is important to follow exactly the use of bold and italic type,
and to use commas, colons, and brackets exactly as shown in the
examples.
Books
(a) Single author
in your essay/report: ‘Bush (1986) argues that …’
in the list of references at the end of your essay/report: ‘Bush, T.
(1986) Theories of Educational Management, London: Harper and Row.’
(b) Two authors
in your essay/report: ‘Bolman and Deal (1984) found that …’
in your references: ‘Bolman, L.G. and Deal T.E. (1984) Modern
Approaches to Understanding and Managing Organisations, San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.’
(c) More than two authors
in your essay/report: ‘Baldridge et al. (1978) have stated that …’
in your references: ‘Baldridge, J.V., Curtis, D.V., Ecker, G. and
Riley, G.L. (1978) Policy-Making and Effective Leadership, San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.’
(d) A single author’s chapter in an edited collection
in your essay/report: ‘Al-Khalifa (1989) reported that …’
in your references: ‘Al-Khalifa, E. (1989) ‘Management by halves:
women teachers and school management’ in de Lyon, H. and
Widdowson-Migniuolo, F. (eds) Women Teachers: issues and experience,
Milton Keynes: Open University Press.’
(The conventions for joint and multiple authorship of chapters are
as above.)
(e) If a book has more than one edition,
make clear in the references which edition you have used.
in your essay/report: ‘Handy (1981) states …’
in your references: ‘Handy, C. (1981, 2nd edn) Understanding
Organisations, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.’
Articles in journals
Single author
in your essay/report: ‘Hoyle (1982) states that …’
in your references: ‘Hoyle, E. (1982) ‘Micropolitics of educational
organisations’, Educational Management and Administration, 10(2),
pp. 87-98.’ (Note that you should provide the volume number, in this
case 10, the part where available, in this case 2, and page
numbers.)
(The conventions for joint and multiple authorship of articles are
as above.)
Government/DOH publications
in your essay/report: ‘It was stated (DES, 1985) that …’
in your references: ‘DES (1985) Better Schools, London: HMSO.’
The organisation of references
In your list of references, all materials should be listed
alphabetically by author. For each author, single-authored items
come first, then joint items, and finally multiple items; within the
single- authored section, within the joint-authored section and
within the multiple-authored section, items should be listed in date
order. For an illustration of this, see the references in the study
guide.
If two or more items have the same date, the items should be listed
with a lower-case letter (a, b, c, etc.) after the date. This
applies both in the text – e.g. ‘(Southworth, 1985a)’ or
‘(Southworth, 1985b)’ – and in the references:
‘Southworth, G. (1985a) ‘Primary heads’ reflection on training’,
Education, 165(25), p. 560.
Southworth, G. (1985b) ‘Perspectives on the primary curriculum’,
Cambridge Journal of Education, 15(1), pp. 41-9.’
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Useful Link http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.html
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