Indications for imaging
Bowel gas patterns in obstruction, intussusceptions, volvulus,
Investigation of biliary and renal lithiasis
Control or preliminary films for contrast studies
? Aortic Aneurysm when sclerotic and with calcifications
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Anatomy Demonstrated
Liver, spleen kidneys
Some GIT
Ribs , Lumber Spine
Pelvis
Anatomy of the Abdomen
Meschan, I. 1955 An Atlas of Normal Radiographic Anatomy
Saunders, London
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Basic Patient Position
The patient lies supine on the table
Median sagittal plane aligned to the center.
The knees can be flexed at 45 degrees and supported for comfort.
The arms placed alongside the trunk or above the head.
Patient Position
Meschan, I. 1955 An Atlas of Normal Radiographic Anatomy
Saunders, London
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Radiation protection
Direct lead rubber gonad protection in males
28 day rule for females where appropriate.
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Central Ray
The vertical central ray is centred in the midline at the
level of the iliac crests.**The full abdomen from
symphysis to diaphragm may not fit on one film, it may be required
to take two films to include all the abdominal cavity, however
discretion must be made to minimise exposures whilst still
demonstrating all the required anatomy.
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Exposure Factors
| Kv |
mAS |
FFD (cm) |
Grid |
Focus |
AEC |
Cassette |
| 85 |
60 |
100 |
Yes |
Broad |
Yes |
35 x 43 cm |
Exposure is made on suspended respiration normally
expiration. however inspiration may be needed to evaluate
opacities relative to the renal or biliary outlines or to force
the kidneys or diaphragm down to include them on a single film.
On large patients two crosswise 43x35 films may be required.
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Evaluation of the Image
ID and anatomical markers must be present and correct in the
appropriate area of the film.
Optimal exposure should penetrate all the bone structures and
contrast should be low enough to visualise fully the bone and soft
tissue structures, particularly the liver and renal outlines.
Limits of the examination
Superiorly diaphragm, Inferiorly lower border of symphysis pubis,
laterally the skin margins
The pelvis should be symmetrical about the midline indicating
there is no rotation
The spine should be aligned to the centre of the film.Check for
movement unsharpness.
Radiograph
http://www.vh.org/Providers/TeachingFiles/NormalRadAnatomy/Images/
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Related Projections
Erect abdomen
Lateral Decubitus abdomen
Dorsal decubitus
Prone abdomen
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Additional modalities
CT
MRI
RNI
Contrast studies
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